Indikace dopadů stresu na vitalitu in-vitro kultivovaných rostlin pomocí pokročilých metod fluorescence chlorofylu

biomasy rostlin vzniklé fotosyntetickou činností) a nedestruktivní (metody založené na biochemickém či biofyzikálním principu). V posledních desetiletích nabývají na významu především metody nedestruktivní (přehledně viz např. Millan-Almaraz et al. 2009), které můžeme dále rozdělit na (1) manometrické (změny tlaku měřené pomocí Warburgova přístroje), (2) elektrochemické (přímé měření fotosyntetického vývinu kyslíku pomocí Clarkovy kyslíkové elektrody, (3) měření výměny plynů pomocí infračervených analyzátorů plynů (fotosyntetická fixace CO2 v uzavřené měřící komoře), (4) izotopová měření (využívající značeného uhlíku 14C), (5) metody fotoakustické, (6) matematické modelování (např. biochemické modely fotosyntézy (přehledně např. Farquhar et al. 2001) založené na oxygenační/karboxylační schopnosti enzymu RUBISCO odvozené ze základní studie Farquhar et al. (1980) a v neposlední řadě (7) metody založené na principu měření indukované fluorescence chlorofylu. V tomto příspěvku je hlavní pozornost věnována detailnímu popisu fluorometrických metod a jejich aplikaci v experimentech zaměřených na in vitro kultivaci rostlin. Jednotlivébiomasy rostlin vzniklé fotosyntetickou činností) a nedestruktivní (metody založené na biochemickém či biofyzikálním principu). V posledních desetiletích nabývají na významu především metody nedestruktivní (přehledně viz např. Millan-Almaraz et al. 2009), které můžeme dále rozdělit na (1) manometrické (změny tlaku měřené pomocí Warburgova přístroje), (2) elektrochemické (přímé měření fotosyntetického vývinu kyslíku pomocí Clarkovy kyslíkové elektrody, (3) měření výměny plynů pomocí infračervených analyzátorů plynů (fotosyntetická fixace CO2 v uzavřené měřící komoře), (4) izotopová měření (využívající značeného uhlíku 14C), (5) metody fotoakustické, (6) matematické modelování (např. biochemické modely fotosyntézy (přehledně např. Farquhar et al. 2001) založené na oxygenační/karboxylační schopnosti enzymu RUBISCO odvozené ze základní studie Farquhar et al. (1980) a v neposlední řadě (7) metody založené na principu měření indukované fluorescence chlorofylu. V tomto příspěvku je hlavní pozornost věnována detailnímu popisu fluorometrických metod a jejich aplikaci v experimentech zaměřených na in vitro kultivaci rostlin. JednotlivéChlorophyll fluorescence technique represents an important tool for estimation of plant photosynthetic performance and evaluation of effects of particular stress factors on plant vitality. It is widely-exploited method in photosynthetic studies of higher plants and other photosynthetizing organisms such as e.g. cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and mosses. Recently, there are numerous application of chlorophyll fluorescence ranging from purely photosynthetic to ecophysiological and plant stress studies. Among them, short- and longterm photosynthetic measurements in the field, pre- and post-harvest control of fruits, growth and vitality control in algal biotechnologies are of great importance. In plant tissue cultures and in vitro cultivated plants, the method has met less frequent exploitation than in naturallygrown plants. Since the 90-ies of the last century, however, an increasing number of fluorometric studies in in vitro plants has been published. Recently, variety of methods based on chlorophyll fluorescence technique is used in in vitro studies. This paper brings a theoretical background, overview of recently used fluorometric methods, and commented examples of their typical applications. The emphasis is given to the most recent and advanced techniques, the use of which is expected to expand in the nearest future

Exploring a Sub-Antarctic Wilderness

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Summer season variability of dissolved oxygen concentration in Antarctic lakes rich in cyanobaterial mats

Since 2007, limnological investigation of terrestrial lakes has been carried out at James Ross Island, Antarctica. The lakes in scope differ in their size, origin, geomorphological and hydrological characteristics. In several selected lakes, dissolved oxygen is measured repeatedly each summer season in order to quantify lake- and weather-related differences. For this study, typical reresentatives of (i) coastal shalow lakes, and (ii) high-altitude lakes with cyanobacterial mats were chosen. We present data on dissolved oxygen measured in 3 d interval during January 2010. Within this time, water temperature decreased gradually from 13 to 3 degC, as well as dissolved oxygen concentration. It varied within in the range of 12.50-18.0 mg l-1 indicating the values close to saturation and suprasaturation, respectively. Dissolved oxygen concentration showed slightly decreasing trend in a course of time. In majority of cases, the lakes with rich cyanobacterial flora showed higher dissolved oxygen concentrations than Lachman Lake 2 which posses less cyanobacterial mats than other the lakes involved into the study. Due to air temperature decrease, Dulanek lake, a high-altitude lake, froze in the last week of January 2010.Článek se zabývá měřeník koncentrace rozpuštěného kyslíku v několika jezerech severní odledněné části ostrova Jamese Rosse jako odrazu fotosyntetické aktivity autotrofů (řas a sinic) vyskytujících se v těchto jezerech.Since 2007, limnological investigation of terrestrial lakes has been carried out at James Ross Island, Antarctica. The lakes in scope differ in their size, origin, geomorphological and hydrological characteristics. In several selected lakes, dissolved oxygen is measured repeatedly each summer season in order to quantify lake- and weather-related differences. For this study, typical reresentatives of (i) coastal shalow lakes, and (ii) high-altitude lakes with cyanobacterial mats were chosen. We present data on dissolved oxygen measured in 3 d interval during January 2010. Within this time, water temperature decreased gradually from 13 to 3 degC, as well as dissolved oxygen concentration. It varied within in the range of 12.50-18.0 mg l-1 indicating the values close to saturation and suprasaturation, respectively. Dissolved oxygen concentration showed slightly decreasing trend in a course of time. In majority of cases, the lakes with rich cyanobacterial flora showed higher dissolved oxygen concentrations than Lachman Lake 2 which posses less cyanobacterial mats than other the lakes involved into the study. Due to air temperature decrease, Dulanek lake, a high-altitude lake, froze in the last week of January 2010

Gradient of algal and cyanobacterial assemblages in a temporary lake with melting water at Solorina Valley, James Ross Island, Antarctica

The aim of presented study is to contribute to species list of algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms from moist localities of James Ross Island, Solorina Valley (63 53 S, 57 48 W) in particular. In 2012, samples of microbiological mats were taken from a bottom of shallow depression close to a seashore line. The sampling site has been filled with melt- ing water from glacier for some weeks preceding the collection. On collection date, however it was dried out. The samples were analysed using optical microscopy approach after the transport of samples to Czech Republic (Masaryk University, Brno). Algal and cyanobacterial taxa forming the microbiological mats were determined according to their morphological characteristics and the frequencies of individual taxa occurrence evalu- ated. Species richness differed between individual sampling sites located across a shallow depression suggesting an ecological role of duration of stagnant water for bio- diversity in temporary freshwater ponds. Altogether, 37 algal and cyanobacterial taxa were found. While 23 taxa present in the centre of the depression, only 10 taxa were found close to the margin where the dry period was the longest.Druhová diverzita řas a sinic byla sledována v dočasné maloplošné nádrži vyplněné tavnou vodou - v Antarktidě, ostov Jamese Rosse, Solorina Valley.The aim of presented study is to contribute to species list of algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms from moist localities of James Ross Island, Solorina Valley (63 53 S, 57 48 W) in particular. In 2012, samples of microbiological mats were taken from a bottom of shallow depression close to a seashore line. The sampling site has been filled with melt- ing water from glacier for some weeks preceding the collection. On collection date, however it was dried out. The samples were analysed using optical microscopy approach after the transport of samples to Czech Republic (Masaryk University, Brno). Algal and cyanobacterial taxa forming the microbiological mats were determined according to their morphological characteristics and the frequencies of individual taxa occurrence evalu- ated. Species richness differed between individual sampling sites located across a shallow depression suggesting an ecological role of duration of stagnant water for bio- diversity in temporary freshwater ponds. Altogether, 37 algal and cyanobacterial taxa were found. While 23 taxa present in the centre of the depression, only 10 taxa were found close to the margin where the dry period was the longest